Causes of Ketamine Addiction

Causes of Ketamine Addiction Psychology of Drug Addictions Stephanie Boaz ABSTRACT Ketamine was first discovered in 1961 but not synthesized until 1962 by a man of the name of Calvin Stevens that worked with Parke Davis Labs (http://azarius.net/encyclopedia/39/Ketamine). Stevens discovered Ketamine when searching for a replacement for PCP anesthetics. It was not until 1965 that Ketamine was later used as a relational drug which was discovered by Edward Domino (http://azarius.net/encyclopedia/39/Ketamine). Ketamine is considered to be a fast acting, dissociative anesthetic (http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showwiki.php?title=Ketamine). Ketamine is not like your customary anesthetics it works by blocking the brains activity from the body. Without stimulation the brain’s perceptions increase causing the brain to start a hallucinogenic state of mine also known as the emergence phenomena (http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showwiki.php?title=Ketamine). Ketamine has the chemical name: 2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)-cyclohexanone (http://azarius.net/encylopedia/39/Ketamine). How Does a Person Get Hooked on Ketamine Ketamine is used in many different ways. It is used an anesthetic on humans it is primarily used on children or the elderly and people of third world countries due to the emergence phenomena (http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showwiki.php?title=Ketamine). When using Ketamine as a recreational drug is comes in many forms such as powder, tablet, or in a liquid form which are taken orally, anally, snorting, or injected in the muscle or veins. Once administered intramuscularly it takes roughly two minutes to take effect (Julien, Advokat, Comaty, 2011, pg.530). If snorted it takes about 5-10 minutes to take effect, peak times are different according to the way the drug is administered ( http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showwiki.php?title=Ketamine). With the use of Ketamine it has psychic sensations that may occur such as mood state and body images, floating sensations, vivid dreams or illusions and the occasional frank delirium (http://ceaccp.oxfordjournals.org/content/7/2/59.full). Ketamine is also known as Special K on the streets. It has the similar effects as to what PCP would have on a person. Once the drug is ingested the body can feel the effects for up to 24 hours after (http://casapalmera.com/uses-symptoms-and-effects-of-ketamine). Special K is also a drug that is very well known for its use in date rape. This drug is both odorless and has no taste at all. There are many street names for this drug that include: (http://casapalmera.com/uses-symptoms-and-effects-of-ketamine). Special K K Super Acid Kit kat Vitamin K Jet Honey oil Purple Cat Valium Ketamine or Special K has many signs and symptoms that accompany the use of this drug which consist of and are not limited to (http://casapalmera.com/uses-symptoms-and-effects-of-ketamine): Hallucinations Poor vision Amnesia Strange heart rate patterns Nausea Identity confusion Elevated heart rate Numbness Out of body experiences Delirium Rash Confusion of time Depression Poor coordination Seizures Realistic dreams There are many long term side effects from the use of Ketamine/Special K (http://casapalmera.com/uses-symptoms-and-effects-of-ketamine): Permanent memory loss Anxiety Respiratory complication Neuroses Inability to pay attention Poor learning ability Night terrors Mental disorders PTSD Increase in blood pressure Flashbacks Loss of consciousness Depression Insomnia Once Ketamine /Special K is used on a regular basis the drug begins to build up in the person body thus forming a tolerance to the drug. Once this is done it requires that more and more of the drug be utilized in order to feel the high that the person is seeking. Once the drug has been used for a long period of time the effects may take many years to overcome. In order to completely overcome the addiction it requires the use of drug rehabilitation (http://casapalmera.com/uses-symptoms-and-effects-of-ketamine). With the use of Ketamine/Special K a person is seeking the feeling of detachment from reality. The person feels free from life. Although Ketamine/Special K is an addictive drug it is also know to be relatively safer compared to some drugs due to the fact that if one is administering the drug to themselves that they are more likely to pass out before injection or ingesting to much of the drug to cause an overdose, unless they are administering a large dose very quickly (http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showwiki.php?title=Ketamine). If administered in a high dose it can cause the person to become immobilized or even to become transfixed. Over many years there have been deaths due to the use of Ketamine/Special K but not because of an overdose but due to the fact that the person suffered from the side effects on a physical aspect. Such as but not limited to falling down or hitting something due to the black outs that occur when under the influence of the drug (http://www.drugs-forum.com /forum/showwiki.php?title=Ketamine). Although Ketamine/Special K is not considered to physically addictive it is however psychologically addictive (http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showwiki.php?title=Ketamine). Due to addiction of Ketamine/Special K the withdrawals of this drug are considered to be somewhat nonexistent. There are symptoms from chronic users that consist of minor tension, twitchiness, poor attention spans and restlessness which could be caused from the sedatives in the drug itself may linger in the blood stream for a period of time (http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showwiki.php?title=Ketamine). As of this date there is only one country that Ketamine/Special K is legal an considered to be an unscheduled drug and that is in Iran http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showwiki.php?title=Ketamine). Other countries have made the drug illegal to possess unless they have a license to administer the drug or prescribe as a medication legally. According to 1 Corinthians 10:13 â€Å"No temptation has overtaken you that is not common to man. God is faithful, and he will not let you be tempted beyond your ability, but with the temptations he will also provide the way of escape, that you may be able to endure.† Conclusions In conclusion, Ketamine/Special K has been around for quite some time in this country. And as we have learned there are many side effects that come with the use of this drug. Many people whom are addicted to this drug have the choice of not allowing it to consume them or just giving into the addiction. I learned that this drug is readily available and is used in many different ways such as a date rape drug and a drug to just be able to disassociate yourself from your problems. I can see someone using this drug in order to escape the troubles of everyday life. Also, that the side effects of coming off of the drugs are not as noticeable as other drugs. References http://azarius.net/encyclopedia/39/Ketamine/ http://casapalmera.com/uses-symptoms-and-effects-of-ketamine, Addiction to Special K http://ceaccp.oxfordjournals.org/content/7/2/59.full, Ketamine http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showwiki.php?title=Ketamine Julien, R.M., Advokat, C.D., Comaty, J.E. (2011). A primer of drug action (12th ed.).New York, NY: Worth. Holly Bible, King James Version

Precautionary Measures for Genetically Modified Foods Essay

Genetically modified (GM) foods, a fairly recent development that came about from research in genetic engineering, pose a potential threat to human and environmental health. The basis of genetically modifying foods is the transferal of desirable genetic traits of plants to an agricultural crop. Genetic modification creates crops that are resistant to herbicides or can repel insects. Genetic modification also makes growing crops easier and allows for higher production rates. Anytime genetically altered crops are consumed by humans, the GM crops should be subjected to rigorous testing to assure that it is safe for human consumption and safe for the environment. When it comes to the environment and human safety, one cannot be too cautious. Some say that further safety testing of GM foods is not necessary because there is no evidence of GM foods being unsafe (Cockburn 2002). The truth is that the public does not yet trust that genetically modified foods are completely safe (Harlander 2002). The only way to convince the public that GM foods are safe and to create a market for GM foods is to perform further safety tests, such as a human study or controlled experiments. I propose that you fund this necessary and fundamental testing to ensure that GM foods are safe for the environment and for human consumption in order to help create a market for this life-improving product. Genetically modified crops were first commercially introduced in the United States in 1996; and by 2001 24% of the corn, 63% of the soybeans, and 64% of the cotton being grown in the U. S. were genetically modified varieties (Harlander 2002). Through genetic engineering, scientists have created varieties of crops that are insect-resistant, virus resistant, and herbicide tolerant. These qualities allow for improved yield and reduced use of potentially dangerous pesticides, as well as improved weed control reduced crop injury, reduction in foreign matter, reduced fuel use, and significant reduction in soil erosion. All of these consequences seem to be beneficial for the human race and the environment. It is important to prove to the public that GM foods are safe so that such a beneficial technology will not be under-utilized. In the United States, three government agencies are involved in the approval of genetically modified crops. These three agencies are the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) (Harlander 2002). These agencies are responsible for ensuring that the GM crops are safe for the environment and for human consumption. More specifically, the USDA ensures that the GM crops are safe to grow, the EPA makes sure that the GM crops are safe for the environment, and the FDA ensures that the products are safe to eat (Harlander 2002). The three agencies put the genetically modified crops through rigorous environmental and food safety assessments before they can be commercialized. However, Susan Harlander reminds the scientific community â€Å"an effective food safety evaluation system minimizes risk, but it is important to remember that food is not inherently safe† (2002). Tampering with the genetics of a crop increases the possibility of that crop being dangerous to the environment or to human health. Bettie Sue Masters, PhD, states, â€Å"All evidence to date indicates that any breeding technique that alters a plant or animal, whether by genetic engineering or other methods, has the potential to create unintended changes in the quality or amounts of food components that could harm health† (qtd. in Panasevich 2004). It is highly likely that this lack of inherent safety is a reason why the public is so cautious about the acceptance of GM foods. The key to diminishing the public’s fear of GM foods is to extend the safety evaluation process. Consumers have two main concerns about genetically modified foods: first, that GM foods are unsafe to eat; and second, that their cultivation will harm the environment (Gasson 2001). Currently the most widely used safety evaluation process is called substantial equivalence. Michael Gasson and Derek Burke discuss substantial equivalence: Substantial equivalence recognizes the fact that conventional foods have been eaten by many people over a long period of time and have an established and accepted level of safety. Genetic modification involves the introduction of a limited amount of change and substantial equivalence uses a comparative approach to reveal both intended and unintended differences between a genetically modified (GM) food and its conventional counterpart. (Gasson 2002) If the genetically modified food is substantially equivalent to, or similar to, it’s conventional counterpart, then it is generally regarded as safe. Thus far substantial equivalence has been effective, but as genetically modified foods become more and more complex there is no guarantee that this method will continue its success. More in-depth testing is required to ensure the safety of future GM foods. Genetically modified crops should be tested on living subjects in addition to applying the substantial equivalence method. Animals or human volunteers are essential in proving the safety of the genetically modified crops already approved by the FDA, EPA, and USDA, in addition to the GM crops to be introduced in the future. The risk of harm to a living being would be low as the GM food would have already passed the substantial equivalence test before being consumed. Long term testing would be able to prove that there are no mal-effects resulting from the consumption of GM foods. While long term testing may seem unappealing, it is a small price to pay for improving the quality of life for a nation. The public’s concern extends beyond the effects of GM crops after human consumption all the way to GM crops’ effects on the environment. Many environmentalists as well as non-affiliated persons think that genetically modified crops have a negative effect on the environment. Traits meant only for agricultural crops can be transferred to other plants through pollination; traits, like being herbicide tolerant or virus-resistant, which would diminish natural and artificial checks and balances on plants (Guebert 2004). The best way to ensure that the GM crops will not harm the environment is to perform experiments and further safety assessments. Convincing the public that genetically modified crops are safe for the environment is pivotal towards creating a market for GM foods and in turn improving quality of life. The testing and assessing of the safety of GM foods that I propose will be divided into two categories: the safety of genetically modified crops for the environment; and the safety of GM foods for human consumption. The testing of the safety of GM crops for the environment must be performed under controlled conditions. Our testing will take place in a greenhouse, where any negative effects will be contained and kept away from the environment. All genetically modified crops would be tested for two factors: whether or not the trait is likely to be passed on to other plants; and what nutrients in the soil the GM crop depletes and how fast it does so. These two factors are essential in proving the safety of genetically modified crops for the environment. If a GM crop passed traits, such as herbicide tolerance or virus-resistance, on to other plant species, it could potentially change the ability of that species to survive and thrive and wreak havoc on the delicate balance of the ecosystem. This risk of upsetting the ecosystem frightens would-be GM food consumers from supporting the industry. In order to test the ability of the genetically modified crop to pass on its genes to another species of plant, it would be planted for two growing seasons in the presence of varying plant species found around the agricultural United States. The soil will be tested for nutrients before and after each growing season in order to keep track of the nutrient depletion rate. Any genetically modified crop that depleted the soil of essential nutrients at an abnormally fast rate would be rejected. A genetically modified crop’s failure to pass any of the tests or assessments would not be approved, thereby leaving no reason for the public to fear for the safety of the environment on account of the GM foods on the market. To test the safety of GM foods for human consumption, a comparative study must be performed. In order for the study to be effective and result in usable data, several hundred human volunteers will need to participate. The volunteers will be divided into two groups. The first group will be asked to incorporate a specific genetically modified food into their everyday diet. The second group will be asked to incorporate the conventional counterpart of the same GM food into their diet. The study will last for 2 months with the participants receiving weekly physicals to check for any changes in health. A change in negative change in health in a number participant from group one, the group consuming a GM food, would indicate that the genetically modified food is playing a role in the deterioration. The GM food in question would then either be taken off of the market or subjected to further testing, depending on the extent of the data acquired from the study. With this study in place, consumers would feel much more comfortable purchasing, and creating a market for, genetically modified foods. By proving that genetically modified foods are safe for human consumption and for the environment, we are proving to the public that there is no cause for fear. In the absence of fear, consumers will no longer object to buying GM foods resulting in a market for genetically modified foods. The increase in demand for GM foods will result in more research and development and bring advances in GM technology. Genetically modified foods have the potential to improve the quality of life of people all over the world, and it would be a shame to let this technology go to waste. If you give us this grant, there will be numerous benefits that can come from our work. Please consider the well-being of the people that will be helped by our work while you are making your decision. Thank you. Works Cited Cockburn A. Assuring the safety of genetically modified (GM) foods: the importance of an holistic, integrative approach. J Biotechnol. 2002; 98 (1): 79-106. Harlander SK. Safety assessments and public concern for genetically modified food products: the American view. Toxicol Pathol. 2002; 30 (1): 132-134. Gasson M, Burke D. Scientific perspectives on regulating the safety of genetically modified foods. Nat Rev Genet. 2001; 2 (3): 217-222. Guebert A, Cousins D. Welcome to the world of unintended consequences. Farmers Weekly 2004; 141 (9): 64. Panasevich CL. Risk assessment urged for genetically modified foods. Nation’s Health. 2004; 34 (7): 25.

Review for Midterm

Review for midterm Note: You must be able to perform calculations, make decisions under various alternative situation. Simply knowing the definition is not sufficient to earn good grade. Chapter 1 Management functions Manufacturing costs Cost classifications Prepare Cost of goods Manufactured schedules/Cost of goods sold statements Cost of goods sold statements : Calculate missing amounts from given data set Ethical issues Chapter 2 Difference between Job costing and process cost systemCost flow in Job order costing (Cost accumulation and assignment by cost elements), including journal entries Be able to calculate applied manufacturing overhead/under-over applied manufacturing overhead from given data, including adjustments of under-over applied overhead Chapter 3* Cost flow in process cost system Be able to prepare production cost report and its components Analyze Production cost report Compute missing data within the production cost report *Only Weighted average method Chapter 5 Kn ow cost behavior, identify types of costs from given data set and why it is so important Relevant rangeApply High-low method to determine fixed/variable cost CVP: Assumptions of CVP analysis Be able to prepare CVP income statement Compute Contribution margin, and contribution margin ratio What is Break-even point Be able to complete break-even analysis under different scenario Include Target net income with break-even analysis, Margin of safety Review problem 1. Temp Range Company prepared the following income statement for 2014: TEMP RANGE COMPANY Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2014 ——————————————————————————————————————————— Sales (5,000 units)$200,000 Variable expens es 75,000Contribution margin125,000 Fixed expenses 83,200 Net income$ 41,800 Instructions Answer the following independent questions and show computations to support your answers. 1. What is the company’s break-even point in units? 2. How many units would the company have had to sell to earn a target net income of $33,000 in 2014? 3. If the company expects a 65% increase in sales volume in 2015, what would be the expected net income in 2015? 4. How much sales (in dollars) would the company have to generate in order to earn a target net income of $288,000 in 2015? #2: Job order costingSandro Clean uses a job order cost accounting system. On October 1, the company has a balance in Work in Process Inventory of $4,200 and two jobs in process: Job No. R92, $1,600 and Job No. R93, $2,600. During October, a summary of source documents reveals the following: ForMaterials Requisition SlipsLabor Time Tickets Job No. R92$ 2,200$ 7,100 Job No. R931,7004,100 Job No. R944,7003,300 Job No. R952,2005,100 General Use 1,800 2,000 $12,600$21,600 Sandro applies manufacturing overhead to jobs at an overhead rate of 90% of direct labor cost. Job No. R92 was completed during the month.Instructions (a)Prepare summary journal entries to record the requisition slips, time tickets, the assignment of manufacturing overhead to jobs, and the completion of Job No. R92. Show computations. (b)Answer the following questions. 1. What is the balance in Work in Process Inventory at October 31? 2. If Sandro incurred $13,000 of manufacturing overhead in addition to indirect labor and indirect materials, was overhead over- or underapplied in October and by how much? Cost of Goods Manufactured and Sold Selected account balances of Santana Manufacturing Company appear below for 2014:Beginning of YearEnd of Year Finished Goods Inventory$15,000$ 17,000 Work In Process Inventory22,00021,000 Raw Materials Inventory13,00019,000 Sales380,000 Direct Labor43,000 Factory Supervisory Salaries17,000 Incom e Tax Expense32,000 Factory Insurance18,000 Raw Material Purchases93,000 Administrative Expenses12,000 Sales Returns and Allowances3,000 Factory Depreciation8,000 Indirect Labor14,000 Selling Expenses44,000 Instructions Using the above information for Santana Manufacturing Company, Prepare Cost of goods sold statement. Support your answers with clearly identified computations.

Analyzing Online For Issues About Body Image - 1441 Words

When researching online for issues about body image, one can definitely find articles concerning young women. Of course, when hearing about body image issues, one can only think of anorexia, obesity, and low self-esteem. However, a body image problem is not just an issue affecting young women; it’s actually an issue that is also affecting young men. Over time, a growing number of young men have been showing issues with their body image. This is mainly due to the way media portrays men in television shows, movies, and advertisements. Because of this, it leads to low self-esteem, peer pressure, and over exercising among young men. Low self-esteem can be caused by having the feeling of being inferior to everyone and always having the mindset†¦show more content†¦This makes a young man think that he isn’t good enough for the standards that the media puts out. The expectations that the media puts out about men become adopted into society’s expectations. A per sonal trainer did an experiment where he gained seventy pounds of weight and tried losing it all. He wanted to know how his clients felt whenever he helped trained them to lose weight. This meant he had to change his lifestyle and eating habits to a way an unhealthy person is. â€Å"I m doing this as an experiment! I used to be a fit guy, not the fat guy, Manning wanted to turn around and explain. I m a lot more self-conscious now. There was a total lack of confidence in the way I felt in public because I wasn t the fit guy anymore. (Strickland). He had noticed how everyone looked at him and the food he ate, and had a disgusted look on their face. According to Drew Manning, it was an emotional struggle for him when doing the experiment. Another way a young man’s self-esteem can be lowered is by being bullied about body weight or depression. Bullying and depression would usually happen mostly in a young man’s teenage years. Peers may look at a certain individual and t ease them for their body weight. It can be that the individual is skinny or fat that the teasing starts to happen. When bullied, this can cause the certain individual to fall into depression which lowers the self-esteem more. This can cause the